Role of HR in Knowledge Management Research Paper

Job of HR in Knowledge Management - Research Paper Example A large portion of the associations don't viably use Human Resources’ commitment for the powerful usage of Knowledge Management. On the off chance that individuals are overseen successfully and their insight used productively, at that point obviously it can turn into an upper hand. Depending on present day data frameworks will be productive if individuals are effectively associated with information sharing. The various regions of Human Resources which help in powerful information sharing are reward frameworks, enrollment, maintenance, progression arranging and preparing and advancement. The first and most evident territory of Human Resources inclusion in Knowledge Management is reward the executives. It is evident that representatives won't be prepared to share their insight and skill until and except if they are compensated. Prizes will propel them to share their insight and it is simply on the shoulders of Human Resource individuals to embrace this undertaking. Along these l ines H R empowers information partaking in various divisions. In the event of enlistment, maintenance and progression arranging from a Knowledge Management point of view can be taken a gander at as filling information holes. While enrolling new representatives, they can choose competitors who are progressively inventive and imaginative and can adjust to the changing workplace. Additionally, maintenance of good representatives is fundamental. The HR strategies and systems ought to be structured so that they permit workers to meet their own destinations. Progression arranging, then again, is tied in with intending to meet future abilities and information needs with existing assets. Human Resources’ association and its commitment is maybe the best in preparing and advancement. HR ought to get itself effectively engaged with the mechanical advancements in the work environment as they can prepare the representatives as needs be. Preparing is vital for people to work in groups as c o-activity and sharing of data gets benefits for the entire association. Despite the fact that Human Resources’ commitment is inescapable in the subject matter Management, it has certain confinements as Human Resources and different offices are most in clashes. This can be viewed as a constraint of Human Resources’ mediation in viable Knowledge Management. Representatives in different offices need to help the HR individuals for successful information sharing as HR individuals turns into the middle person in information sharing. This isn't Human Resources’ job alone however its commitment is vital. Building a culture for Knowledge the executives on specific qualities will require changes in frameworks and forms, and a method of doing things which both transmits the authoritative culture to new representatives and fortifies it to old workers. Likewise with any change circumstance, clashes can emerge. This is the place Human Resources can add to the advancement of the Knowledge Management culture by taking care of such clashes. As indicated by Chivu and Popescu (2008),â in terms of information movement, Human Resource may assume a significant empowering job in distinguishing the capability of information transients. As per them, the HR procedure with respect to information the board includes HR looked for evaluation and determination, HR looked for preparing and advancement, HR looked for proper correspondence, prize and acknowledgment plans and information

Holistic heal Essays

All encompassing recuperate Essays All encompassing recuperate Paper All encompassing recuperate Paper All encompassing wellbeing is keeping up acceptable wellbeing by considering the prosperity of the otherworldly and passionate factors alongside the segments that make up the physical body. The marvelous recuperation of a patient from the sad condition that can't be clarified in present day medication is unconstrained mending. The advanced medication analyzes physical body of a person to a mechanical gadget. Man has profound and mental segments alongside the physical body, and by basically considering the physical body one can't give a right clarification to unconstrained recuperating. The physical body is the microcosm of the universe and it has the inborn capacity to keep up and recuperate in an all encompassing nature. Unconstrained mending can be clarified with two powerful contemplations. As per the principal hypothesis the mental capacities of an individual, for example, fearlessness, confidence, supplication, good faith and expectation assume a job during the time spent unconstrained recuperation. (Aldridge, David, 1993). In the second otherworldly idea a psychological move permits the recuperating procedure prompting recuperation which can ascribe to the beauty of god. The noticeable, felt and the detectable improvement of wellbeing regardless of the treatment given are alluded to as â€Å"the fake treatment effect†. The treatment or the prescription given to an individual with an expectation that its impact would be idle or harmless is fake treatment. As per some the impact of the fake treatment is mental, which might be because of the conviction or sentiment of the individual that he is improving. The mental impact has its job in one’s body science. The disease may take its common course and the individual may recoup, and in that way the misleading impact may because of nature. At the point when an individual needs vitality, he gets that vitality through profound recuperating, and the all encompassing wellbeing of an individual relies upon the treatment on the body, psyche and soul, the harmonization of which gives a decent wellbeing. The advantages of otherworldly recuperating incorporate genuine feelings of serenity, fearlessness, and the ability to give or get unrestricted love. System of unconstrained recuperating  Depression, nervousness, negative pressure, injury and feeling of the patient profoundly affect the controlled treatment. It is the feelings and the subliminal acknowledgment of the patient for the treatment. The body has an incredible mending system, the association between the psyche and body is ground-breaking. In the instrument of unconstrained mending, narcotics are discharged by the patient from specific territories of the cerebrum. These narcotics are discharged as consequence of certain perspectives, and the relating synapses are endorphins that are ground-breaking in alleviating torment. A patient with disease may create more measures of interleukin II and interferon that demolish the harmful tumor cells. Each cell of DNA has the ability to deliver hostile to tumor medicates that can fix the ailment in a brief timeframe which is alluded to as the unconstrained reduction. It is the trust, satisfaction and the certainty of the patient that triggers the arrival of these medications. The body cell has receptors for a portion of the synthetic concoctions in the manufactured medications that make the medications work. Dominant part of the positive outcomes are expected to the body’s own mending reaction. (Andreas Moritz, 2005).  Majority of the medicines to deal with the manifestations of the illness bad tempered gut disorder favor a non-tranquilize approach. The distinctive brain/body medicines to the IBS incorporate hypnotherapy, intellectual conduct treatment, and a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy. These medications have demonstrated effectiveness in the clinical preliminaries. (Bruce D. Naliboff et.al,, 2007) The all encompassing hypothesis of malignancy expresses that the unsettling influence in the data framework hinders the body to transmit the necessary stream data because of the blockage at a specific area as opposed to the solid body where all the cells speak with one another and think precisely about their capacity. As indicated by this hypothesis malignant growth does happens specifically zones of the body where the individual prior had enthusiastic issues. It is significant for a patient to realize that the improvement in the personal satisfaction brings about recuperation. The unconstrained reduction of disease happens through the otherworldly achievement, which is as a rule progressively alive, an individual thinking about one’s self, understanding the abilities and the method of utilizing these inalienable gifts. Recouping the human character and the reason for life with cognizant based medication will actuate the reduction of the sickness. (Soren Ventegodt, 2004). Human instrument for the mending procedure is stunning, and it is important to empower this procedure by all the accessible methods. It is essential to enhance the recuperating frameworks by the alteration of the way of life, thinking about the realities related with the food, natural poisons, diminishing pressure, utilizing nutrients and enhancements. It is significant for the patient to mange ailment with trust certainty and acknowledging one’s self.  (Andrew Weil, 2005). Numerous patients were fruitful to conquer the miserable circumstances and the positive reasoning helped them for an unconstrained recuperating process. The refusal of the patient to acknowledge that there is no remedy for the illness, looking for the assistance from the companions, family and family members on the new sorts of potential outcomes, a kinship with the sound individuals who are experts, moving endlessly from the poisonous connections and moving to new places, which are the moderate yet productive changes that help the patient for recuperating. Considering the ailment as a blessing definitely improves the development and advancement of the character of the patient. Being compliant or tolerating the malady as opposed to battling assists with enacting the resistant framework. (Lee.E.W, 1997). Insufficiency of the investigations Various examinations were done on how an individual can accomplish an all encompassing wellbeing, on an assortment of techniques, frameworks, approaches, methods of reasoning, and developments. Every one of these investigations can't explain the straightforwardness of accomplishing the all out wellbeing that misinforms the individuals in giving a comprehension of the wellbeing. There is no away from of the possibility of the idea that we can make our own world. These thoughts should be egocentric and depend on the feelings of trepidation, wants and uncertainties. This methodology overlooks the blend of outside impacts and the intricate inside of the human body. These strategies stress that hope of reasoning great consistently gives life liberated from torment. Significance of the investigation The significance of the longing for the prosperity of the humankind on a worldwide point of view is valued. Accomplishing the all encompassing soundness of the individual is a difficult that requires a profound examination. The prosperity of the mankind relies upon the inward prosperity and the concordance of the person. It is our duty to make a superior world for us as well as for the people in the future. It is the craving of the mankind to encounter a real existence loaded up with delight, and joy that are attainable by a reasonable condition of metal-physical-passionate and profound state. Reason for the examination The primary reason for my examination is to cause the individuals to comprehend the idea ofâ all encompassing wellbeing and the parts of the all encompassing wellbeing with an aim to enable individuals with all encompassing wellbeing. It is the translation of the therapists that there exists a connection between the religion/otherworldliness and wellbeing. They address the issues of religion and otherworldliness in their clinical experiences. End: A larger part of the specialists stress the significance of the religion/otherworldliness at a useful level. Therapists are more agreeable than the doctors to address the issues of religion/otherworldliness at the clinical settings. Future examinations: It is imperative to examine the negative feelings that restrain to think about the inward feelings that assume a significant job for the recuperating procedure. There is a need to determine the negative feelings that emerge from the otherworldliness, which is a subliminal method of detoxification through the procedure of abreaction. As per one hypothesis there is a connection between's the profound emergency and psychological sickness, and analysts straightforwardly join otherworldliness into the treatment procedure, it requires a profound report while fusing the otherworldliness in the treatment convention. There is a need to explain on the result of recuperating and the instrument that starts the mending procedure. This investigation centers around the connection between the psyche and body and non-sedate way to deal with deal with the manifestations of peevish inside condition. End: It is critical to perceive the idea of association between the brain and body and remembering the physiological viewpoints for the treatment procedure will do useful for the patients of IBS. As per this investigation it is critical to deal with the disease with stress the board strategies, confidence, self-strengthening, care and acknowledgment. Future examinations: The examination needs to focus on the underlying driver of the ailment. An information that underpins the component that starts recuperating is required. There is a need to talk about on the point of view that starts mending, and a requirement for conversation on the job of patient in craving a change that starts the recuperating procedure. References Aldridge, David, Ph.D.,( 1993) Is There Evidence for Spiritual Healing, Advance,The Journal of Mind-Body Health, Vol. 9, No. 4 Andreas Moritz,2005, Timeless insider facts of wellbeing and restoration. Ener-Chi health Center LLC distributions Andrew Weil, (2005), Spontaneous Healing: How to Discover and Embrace Your Bodys Natural Ability to Maintain and Heal Itself Bruce D. Naliboff et.al, (2007) Mind/Body Psychological Treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Vol, 5(1): pp. 41â€50. Lee.E.W,(1997), unconstrained mending, PLIM report, Vol.26, No.5, Soren Ventegodt (2004), Cl

A Venture into Womanhood The Unveiling of Tita through Rosaura - Literature Essay Samples

Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate shows contrasts in many of the characters throughout the lifetime of Tita. Tita’s role as the protagonist reveals her struggle within the family, but also her development as a care-taker and nurturer throughout the novel. Rosaura’s spite for Pedro’s love of Tita causes a rift between the sisters, but also gives the reader a close look at the type of woman she is as compared to Rosaura. Through the pairing of Tita and Rosaura in sisterhood, Tita is revealed to be a more complete woman in physical and nurturing characteristics while Rosaura’s bitterness and spite eat away at her until she passes. One of the most illustrative comparisons between Tita and Rosaura involves descriptions of physicality, especially towards the end of the novel. Tita is described as the more beautiful of the two sisters, while Rosaura is viewed as more plain and undesirable (Esquivel 67). Tita’s beauty advances as she ages, growing and developing into a very attractive woman. She is the more vivacious and active child from youth, and as she grows she is consistently seen as more attractive than Rosaura physically and emotionally – which is the cause of Pedro’s love for the sweet, caring Tita as opposed to the bitter, less attractive Rosaura. Tita and Pedro’s love begins as an ineffable feeling of desire and emotion that they can barely control in their youth. Pedro’s marriage to Rosaura is the only vector through which he can be with Tita, so he marries her without love or attraction (Esquivel 15). As they age, Rosaura becomes gradually more undesirable as notes of Tita’s beauty are woven into the novel. Dr. Brown is surprised by Tita’s beauty, but Rosaura is seen as becoming more and more overweight and prone to flatulence (Esquivel 74). Rosaura’s condition seems to grow out of envy for Tita’s beauty and Pedro’s love for Tita, and she dies a bloated, overweight cynic. From the beginning of their lives, Tita and Rosaura have different relationships with their mother. Mama Elena demands the utmost respect from her children, and Rosaura is a poster child in her eyes. Even in the beginning, her suggestion of Rosaura’s hand in marriage in place of Tita’s showed an air of favoritism. Tita was to serve Mama Elena for life, but her rebellions caused Mama Elena to put a tighter chokehold on Tita’s life. Her rebellions began as Mama Elena demanded her children to refer to her as â€Å"Mami† (Esquivel 13). Tita, being the only daughter to resist this command, began her rebellion from a young age. Rosaura’s submissiveness is shown through the novel as she treats Mama Elena with the utmost respect. In Mexican culture, the mother is supposed to serve as the cook and caretaker for the family, and the father is the unquestionable head of household reserving the right to be in charge of all family decisions without question (Mele en). Without Tita’s father there, Mama Elena assumes the role of the effective father of the family. Tita’s protest of her inability to marry and indifference toward her mother are signs of disrespect in Mexican culture, but Rosaura’s inherent submissiveness causes Mama Elena to favor her over Tita. As Rosaura has children, there are clear symbols that show the difference between the maternal instincts and nurturing abilities of Tita and Rosaura. After the birth of Roberto, Rosaura is unable to produce breastmilk. The common practice of the time was to search for a wet nurse, but with no one able, Tita finds herself able to produce milk (Esquivel 76). The only way that breastmilk is produced is through giving birth, yet her ability to produce milk shows us that Tita was supposed to be the mother of Roberto – not Rosaura (Lowen). During Roberto’s time in Mexico, Tita is the de facto mother of the child and serves in the traditional mother role by cooking and caring for the child (Meleen). Rosaura’s mothering abilities begin with her ineptitude to produce milk and culminate with the death of Roberto. When Rosaura and Pedro move to San Antonio, they are unable to care for Roberto and he dies. Tita comes into her own as a mother during this time, serving the sa me role that Nacha did for her. Rosaura’s second child Esperanza is kept in Mexico and Tita serves once again as the effective caretaker. She attempts to prevent Esperanza’s marriage, proving her shortcomings as a mother align with Mama Elena. However, Esperanza’s marriage is the ultimate success of Tita essentially mothering the Esperanza and escaping the cycle of the De La Garza tradition. The cycle of the youngest daughter taking care of the mother without marrying is a large part of the De La Garza history. Tita attempts to escape this cycle herself as she initially attempts to marry Pedro, but Rosaura is seen to uphold tradition up until her death. Rosaura goes her whole life without questioning Mama Elena’s orders or anything dictated about the customs of the family. She carries these traditions on to her children, and seemingly she carries on the bitterness of Mama Elena as well. Tita’s growth through the book is shown through her eventual decision to not marry, but she does not continue to uphold the traditions. Throughout her life, she despised the De La Garza’s imposition upon the youngest daughter as she worried she would never be able to love. Tita never marries but instead takes joy in the marriage of Esperanza, who effectively becomes her daughter through the death of Rosaura. Tita’s nurturing and mothering wins over the traditio n of the De La Garza family, as Esperanza grows to be â€Å"feminine and womanly, in the fullest sense of the word† (Esquivel 240). Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate develops Rosaura and Tita into two polar opposite characters. Tita, who was raised in the kitchen, serves as a nurturer and becomes a great mother-figure without ever having a child, while Rosaura fails to ever truly become a mother. She never cares for her children in the same manner that Tita does and fails to see the shortcomings of Mama Elena’s parenting. The magical realism of the book serves to exaggerate and empower certain emotions through the book. Through this literary mode, emotions drive a lot of actions through this book, but often the emotions can contain physical implications as well, such as Rosaura’s case. Rosaura’s resentment and near hatred of Tita seems to foster and worsen her gastrointestinal condition. Pedro never loves Rosaura, and she just becomes more and more bitter and resentful of Tita as Pedro is still evidently in love with Tita. These characters serve as great foils to each other as Tita g rows out of her bitterness for her fate as a single woman and finds joy in other things, but Rosaura dies pitifully due to her digestive issues, still envying Tita for the love she never could have from Pedro. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate: A Novel in Monthly Installments, with Recipes, Romances, and Home Remedies. New York: Doubleday, 1995. Print. Linda, Lowen. Would You Let Another Women Nurse Your Children? A History of Wet Nurses. About.com News Issues. About News, 4 Dec. 2014. Web. 09 Feb. 2016. Meleen, Michelle. Mexican Family Culture. LoveToKnow. Lifestyle, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2016.

Analysis Of The Movie The Verdict Essay - 953 Words

In the film The Verdict, the opposing attorneys could not be any more different in their approaches to the case. The medical malpractice suit involves a young woman left comatose after childbirth. She was given anesthetics for the operation, after which she began to choke on her own vomit and became deprive of oxygen. Although the legal issue in the central focus of the case, the story is more about each attorney’s journey to the final verdict, rather the case itself. Frank Galvin, a hard boozing, has-been attorney represents the plaintiff in the case. In stark contrast, the high-profile, sophisticated attorney, Ed Concannon, defends the doctors of the Catholic hospital. Each lawyer differentiates himself with distinct tactics, philosophy, as well as personal style. Frank Galvin’s personal style can really be described in two words: pure chaos. How the character can survive in the world, let alone be an attorney is a true mystery. Once a top graduate and a part of a pre stigious Boston law firm, Frank is now barely holding onto to his one and only client in his own firm. The film opens with Frank drinking and wasting his time away on a pinball machine. As the film progresses, Frank is continually shown starting his days with a drink in hand at the machine. His drinking and smoking are about all that are consistent is Frank’s life; his behavior is erratic and impulsive throughout the entire movie. He is late to his meetings with the judge and fails to keep is client updatedShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of the Movie The Verdict Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis: The Verdict Mandi Dersch Galen College of Nursing Literary Analysis: The Verdict People delegate important personal aspects of their lives to professionals, but not without the risks of unethical behaviors. The word Professional makes one think of wealth and power, which can result in corruption; winning by any means necessary. In the movie The Verdict, Frank Galvin plays a lawyer who has reduced himself to being a drunken ambulance chaser (Brown, Harris, Zanuck, amp;Read MoreAnalysis on Twelve Angry Men1086 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis on Twelve Angry Men The movie Twelve Angry Men portrays an array of group dynamics by including the structure and functioning of groups, as well as the different types of roles each character plays along with their conflicts. The film displays these elements through a jury deliberation and the joint effort and the functioning of several minds together to search for the truth. These are just a few characteristics of group dynamics at work that is seen throughout the film. Group Purpose andRead MoreMovie Paper (12 Angry Men)1493 Words   |  6 PagesCOMM 132 October 2, 2014 Movie Paper (12 Angry Men) In the Movie, 12 Angry Men, 12 jurors were tasked with finding a young man guilty or not-guilty of murdering his own father. 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One of the main topics in the film involved organized communication within a diverse group.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of cooperative communities while providing different aspects of leadership. Movie Summary The movie 12 Angry Men is a depiction of a jury deliberation in the 1950’s involving the trial of a teenager that is accused of murdering his father. These twelve men were brought together by a random selection process to make a unanimous decisionRead MoreEssay about The Problem of Groupthink in 12 Angry Men934 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership, in addition social background of group members. The third, situational context includes the circumstances of the groups meeting, social roles and expected behavior. This notion is exemplified during the movie, 12 Angry Men. The purpose of this essay is to examine the movie content to display the groupthink symptoms in place. Groupthink consists of eight major factors that occur during the films scenes, as the twelve men debate a premeditated murder court case. All of the factors continueRead More12 Angry Men: Communication Analysis Paper1046 Words   |  5 PagesSPCM 8:00a MWF April 17, 2006 Communication Analysis Paper 12 Angry Men For an in-depth look into the workings of small groups few movies have offered more than the beloved classic, 12 Angry Men. A small group is defined as group of approximately 5 to 12 people who share a common purpose and follow similar organizing rule. 12 Angry Men, as its title suggests, depicts a story of exactly 12 men who form such a group. The movie opens in the first state of Group Development, theRead More12 Angry Men1722 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Management 701 February 26, 2015 When this movie was made, no one could have depicted that it would greatly speak of the ever changing dynamics of our world today. Immigration and diversity seem to have plagued the world now more than ever and it is no surprise that the business world has been changed tremendously. When this movie came out in 1957, there wasn’t much diversity as we see it today. Upon watching this movie, various topics covered, ranging from power and influence, ethicalRead More12 Angry Men: an Illustration of Concepts of Organisational Behaviour2175 Words   |  9 Pagesyears later, the movie’s teachings still hold most of their truths. The events shown in the movie can be scientifically explained using concepts of organisational behaviour. Although some of these concepts did not even exist by the time the movie was made, the movie still is an excellent case to study and illustrate them. The reason for this is the isolation of the movie’s characters. All events in the movie ar e triggered by the characters only. 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Essay about History of Stem Cells - 1407 Words

History of Stem Cells Abstract This paper will be discussing the history of stem cells. There are many different ways to collect stem cells. Stem cells can be used for either right or wrong reasons. People can either use them to cure or to cause harm. Most people use stem cells to cure fatal illnesses. The one researcher that put stem cells out in the science world so people could understand it better was Leroy Stevens. His first encounter with stem cells was with a mouse that had a teratoma. Most people don’t understand the need for stem cells. There are many reasons why we research stem cells. Stem cells can be collected form a wide variety of places. The studies of stem cells have been around for many years. There were many†¦show more content†¦After, exposure to a large amount of the ingredients to make cigarettes, Stevens noticed that each mouse was developing a cancerous tumor, which is called a teratoma (Kelly 23). After the growth of a teratoma, the director of the laboratory, Dr. Clarence Cook Little, encouraged Stevens to continue in this line of research, including exploratory dissections (Kelly 23). Then he found that there were some cells that were normally found in the cardiac muscle and some other cells that did not belong there (Kelly 23). After, that discovery they named it strain mouse 129. Stevens found that many other mice were developing teratomas (Kelly 23). This all indicated that all these mice generated a gene that would develop teratomas. Also, most of these cells had undifferentiated and differentiated cells (Kelly 23). Ever since the research of Leroy Stevens, we have been using different methods to collect stem cells. In the beginning, after Stevens’ research, there were two groups that used different methods for gathering stem cells. One team was from Johns Hopkins Medical School, and their method for gathering stem cells was by using aborted fetuses. 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Although stem cells are still being highly debated, they can open new doors in theRead MoreStem Cell Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pages The logical history of foundational microorganism may be explored as it has unfolded in the course of recent years; and after this, it will swing to a thought of the political history of undifferentiated organism look into. There has been a relentless pattern of researchers progressively taking in the privileged insights of stem cells and having the capacity to apply their new learning to either look into potential medications or really convey powerful medicines to people. In 2001, Bush issued anRead MoreStem Cell Research has the Potential to Alleviate Much Suffering1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe words of former First Lady Nancy Reagan: â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research has the potential to alleviate so much suffering. 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The next notable usage of the phrase wouldRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1710 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cells, according to the National Institute of Health, are cells obtained from embryos that are prepared from fertilized eggs which have been collected through the in vitro technique; in specialized clinics. Scientists use the stem cell research to have a better idea about the evolution, aging, and disease. Thus, they keep track of the stem cells progress across the lifetime; this tracking process can help scientists to figure out the genetic mutationsRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. 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Theory of Motivation free essay sample

Theory of Motivation As the cliche goes, no man is an island. Everything man does is influenced by other men and his environment. Be it in school or at work, the reason why people persevere lies on the desire to achieve a certain goal. Hence, motivation is essential to keep the drive of doing things passionately and effectively. However, the enthusiasm to sustain the dream and keep the motivation alive can be tampered by life’s uncertainties. Given the unique characteristics that each student possess, the amount of effort exerted by an average student does not always equal the amount of effort exerted by an outlier in class, yet the results are the same or sometimes exceeded by the outlier. Perhaps there are instances when studying overnight and not studying at all yielded the same result. These situations affect the level of motivation a student harness when studying. The feeling of unfairness affects how he/she will prepare for the next exam. In the workplace setting, motivation is likewise an important factor to increase productivity. For example, an employee who worked overtime to get the job well done vis-a-vis an employee who slacked off and produced a mediocre output both received the same salary and the same praises from their boss. The hardworking employee might feel wronged upon seeing how his extra effort was overlooked. To give justice to the unfairness he feels, he opts to mimic the other employee, thus also producing a mediocre output. The equity theory of motivation, developed by workplace and behavioral psychologist John Stacey Adams in 1963, is grounded on the concept that employees tend to seek equity or balance in the amount of input they give to their job or relationship with their bosses, and the output they receive. The inputs referred in this theory include college degree, hard work, effort, committment, ability, adaptability, determination, flexibility, skill, loyalty, tolerance, enthusiasm, trust in superiors, support from colleages, personal sacrifice and the like. On the other hand, outputs come in the form of financial benefits like salary, bonuses, and perks, and also intangible benefits such as recognition from superiors, praises, responsibility, job security, good reputation, sense of achievement, personal growth and the like. When an employees inputs outweigh his or her outputs, he or she becomes demotivated and unhappy. To achieve equity, the behavioral response is to balance out the input-output equation by asking for an increase in the output side, or  simply diminishing his or her input. The state of equity lie on the perception of an employee in relation to another employees input and output ratio, which shows that employee motivation is subjective nature. However, an employer or managers role of keeping employees motivated should not be deterred by this notion. Instead, understanding the sources of employee dissatisfaction and demotivation can help managers address the issues surrounding the workplace to allow for a more productive and work-conducive environment. The equity theory is more commonly known as the social comparison theory or the inequity theory since an employee compares his input-output ratio with another employees input-output ratio to determine equity, and an employee who feels inequity or unfairness reduces this through his behavior and attitude towards work. The â€Å"exchange relationship† between work and compensation in comparison with a colleage draws forth discernment of what is fair and unfair. To grasp the intuition behind the theory, four objects must be present which include the person, whose aim is to reduce whatever inequity feeling he or she has; the comparison to other, which pertains to the benchmark person from whom equity and inequity is determined; the inputs and the outputs. According to the theory, a person first compares inputs and outputs with a comparison other, then determines if there is inequity or unequal input/output ratio between himself/herself and comparison other. Basically, the theory assumes that an individual addresses his/her inequity feeling after comparison to others, and remains at the level where equity is achieved. Several ways a person does in reaching equity include altering his/her inputs, altering his/her outputs, distorting his inputs and outputs cognitively, finding a new job, or changing the person of comparison. (Gogia, 2010) In line with this, Huseman, Hattfield and Miles (1987) dissected the equity theory into four basic ideas. First, the notion of fairness is conceived through comparing an individual’s input and outcomes ratio with others. The other does not necessarily require a colleage, because it can also be his/her old self. Comparing the amount of effort exerted and the amount of salary received to a colleage’s or an old job facilitates the judgment of what is fair to an individual. Second, if the compared ratios are not equal, then there is inequity. The two kinds of inequity are underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity. Underpayment inequity happens when an individual deems that his/her ratio is smaller than others, or in other words, his great effort mismatches with the benefit received as compared to another employee. On the contrary, overpayment inequity occurs when a big compensation is received from the little effort exerted, as compared to other coworkers. Third, the greater the difference in inequity, the greater tension and distress the individual feels. The different attitudes people have toward life’s unfairness in general brought about the three kinds of equity-sensitive people namely the benevolents, the equity sensitives and the entitleds, with the benevolents being the most tolerant of underrewards, and the entitleds having the most preference of over-rewards. The equity sensitives just want their ratio to be the same with others, but the entitleds believe that the world owes them, so it is just rightful for them to receive more. Forth, the more intense feeling of tension brought about by inequity, the harder an individual will work to restore equity. This is just like how a more oppressed victim is more thirsty he is to seek justice, if not revenge. The ways in achieving equity varies from person to person. Upon experiencing the feeling of unfairness, the assumption of this theory is that employees will find ways to reduce inequity. The two most typical ways are through behavioral options and cognitive options, where the latter is used more often used since it is both less riskier and easier to do than the former. For behavioral options, the employees change their input to match outcomes like slacking off or leaving work early, changing outcomes to match input by asking for an increase, or perpetrating a crime like theft or fraud, persuading others to change inputs by complaining to superiors, and withdrawal through tardiness, absenteeism or quitting the job. As for the cognitive options, the employee distorts his own inputs or outcomes by underestimating his own performance so that the inputs will match the output; distort the inputs or outcomes of others by thinking that others earn more because they probably deserve it; change the comparison others by choosing a different benchmark for them to feel better. (â€Å"Motivation theories†, 2009) Applying this theory in the government office place gives a clearer understanding as to why in general, government employeees are unmotivated and unhappy with their jobs. Perhaps they have once tried to work dilligently, but only end up with having the same across-the-board incentive as fellow workers who do not work as hard as them. Hence, the Aquino administration came up with the performance-based incentive system to allow a fair compensation to those who deserve to be rewarded. By altering the outcome through a performance-based bonus, government employees try to match their performance to the amount of bonus they wish to receive. Motivation Theories. (2009, April 26). Retrieved from http://www. authorstream. com/Presentation/nsraja_hhh-180607-motivation-theories-education-ppt-powerpoint/. Adams Equity Theory (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newLDR_96. htm. Gogia, P. (2010, September 14). Equity theory of motivation. Retrieved from http://www. businessihub. com/equity-theory-of-motivation/. https://wikispaces. psu. edu/display/PSYCH484/5. +Equity+Theory RRL 4. Why Do Employees Take More Initiatives to Improve Their Performance After Co-developing Performance Measures? A Field Study (Groen, Wouters Wilderom, 2012) Usually, people work more conscientiously when their performances are being monitored, be it in school, at work, or even in playing games. Knowing how grades, scores or output are obtained help an individual’s goal setting and invoke the determination and commitment to achieve the said goal. What more if the employees themselves determine how they are to be rated? Having an opinion and first hand experience in developing performance measure criteria make employees not only feel valued, but also feel a sense of fairness because they know that the criteria they set are attainable and reasonable. Groen, Wouters and Wilderom (2012) conducted a field study to investigate why employees perform better when they are involved in developing peformance measures. The study used the theory of planned behavior, which states that beliefs predict how individuals behave or plan to behave. Gathering data from meetings, interviews, company information data, quantitative questionnaire and first-hand experience in the field in a beverage manufacturing company, bottling line employees were found to be more motivated, have more initiative, and more positively affected by social pressure when they were involved in developing performance measures. The variables examined in the study included attitude towards the job, social pressure from coworkers, capability from personal skills. All these variables were found to positively and significantly influence an employee’s intiative towards his job, thus increasing his productivity. The study showed that productivity and initative of the employees who were aware and had a say on performance measurement criteria improved the departments’ overall performance. 7. Models of Performance-Measurement Use in Local Governments: Understanding Budgeting, Communication, and Lasting Effects (Melkers Willoghby, 2005) Since performance measurement has been emphasized in various literatures, the importance of having them adopted and implemented is no longer debatable. Performance measurement schemes help in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and it also serves as an objective basis of planning the budget to be used to fund government projects. The study of Melkers and Willoghby (2005) paid close attention to the usefulness of performance-based information on the operations of the local government in the US, communication, and budgetary decisions. The pervasiveness of performance measurement implementation in the US was also studied through the results obtained from a national survey of city and county administrators and budgeters of nearly 300 governments. Multiple regression analysis was implemented to find out whether dependent variables budget effects, communication effects and lasting effects index were individually affected by independent variables community characteristics, respondent characteristics, organizational culturea and performance measurement characteristics. The results showed that although the use of performance indicators was pervasive, the respondents were apathetic with regards to the effectiveness of these performance measurements for budgetary concerns and operational processes within the government unit. Promoting the Utilization of Performance Measures in Public Organizations: An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Adoption and Implementation (Julnes Holzner, 2001) It is true that performance measurements are vital for making informed decisions. Both public and private firms need to be guided on a set of parameters that help them determine where they have done well and what areas need improvement. If the government departments are serious  in improving their service to the public, then coming up with a set of criteria and implementing these evaluation criteria would be essential in determining where to start the change. Despite recognizing the importance of having performance measures, there are several issues that impede the development and usage of a performance measurement scheme. The empirical study by Julnes and Holzner (2001) examined the factors that hamper the utilization of performance measurement in public organizations in the US. A sample of state and local government employees were drawn from the Government Financial Officers Association, International City/County Management Association of College and University Business Officers obtained from GASB. A total of 934 questionnaires were sent to state and local government employees across the nation in 1997. The variables used in the survey included adoption and implementation for the dependent variable, and external requirements, internal requirements, internal interest groups, external interest groups, attitudes, risk taking, information, resources, goal orientation, percent unionized, government type and position. Using ordinary least square mulitple-regression analyses, the results of the study revealed that output measures were developed for various programs, but efficiency measures and outcome measures were less developed. Looking at the performance measure usage, the researchers found out that efficiency and outcome measures were less used for strategic planning, resource allocation, program management, monitoring and evaluation, reporting to internal management, electec officials, citizens or media. Aside from these, the researchers’ findings showed that internal requirements, external requirements, goal orientation and access to information positively and significantly affect the adoption of performance measures, while external interest groups and internal requirements positively affect implementation of performance measures, but unionization negatively affect implementation. Overall, the policy of using performance measures would more likely be adopted if it were an internal requirement wherein top management commits to the effort of evaluating government programs. On the contrary, external requirement would not automatically merit the implementation of performance measures since factors such as organizations’ ability, politician’s support, sufficient resources and commitment to the purpose were lacking if not missing. The study suggests that public administrators be aware that performance measure is a two-step process namely adoption and implementation, wherein factors affecting adoption include mostly rational and technocratic theory, while actual implementation are determined by political and cultural factors. The Use of Performance Measurement Systems in the Public Sector: Effects on Performance (Spekle Verbeeten, 2013) Performance measurement information are collected and used in various ways such as strategic planning, budgeting, and employee bonus planning. The immense benefits of measuring performance outweighs the costs of collecting such data, which is why most government agencies have already instilled in their system a peformance measurement mechanism for reference. In the study of Spekle and Verbeeten (2013), the researchers explored whether the pefromance measurement system actually improves or deters organizational performance. They also introduced the concept of contractibility, which means clear goals, undistorted pefromance metrics, managers’ knowledge and control of the transformation process. Public sector organizations that have high contractibility were expected to be better than those organizations with low contractibilty in terms of performance. The test was done through a survey of 101 public sector organizations in the US. The results showed that contractibility influences the way incentive-oriented use of the performance measurement system and performance. More interestingly, the researchers concluded that usign the performance measurement system for incentive purposes negatively influences organizational performance, unless contractibility is high. Disregarding contractibility, performance measurement system tends to enhance performance.

To what extent did Hitlers Policies attract working class support between 1933 and 1939 Essay Example

To what extent did Hitlers Policies attract working class support between 1933 and 1939 Essay It has been argued that resentment amongst the working classes made this group most resistant to the Nazi regime. Growing resentment seemed apparent in the late thirties, in industrial slowdowns, but it fails to accurately reflect the general sentiment amongst workers. Declining working class support was arguably inevitable when economic promises went unfulfilled, as most historians agree efforts to instill Nazi ideology were least effective amongst workers. Many industrial workers remained influenced by enduring affiliations to the opposing ideology of Communism and its class struggle. These values represented a barrier to support, which Bartov argued policy could never overcome: making the working class issue, the most significant case in point as regards the Nazi Regimes failure1 to overcome class boundaries.The lack of ideological commitment amongst workers prompted Hitlers grandiose economic promises. Support was therefore constantly reliant on economics and the ability to creat e jobs in the midst of a depression. This made support fragile and temporary: propaganda emphasis on workers importance provided little comfort during economic instability. Leisure opportunities provided by Strength Through Joy (KdF) were received gratefully, and although ideological impact was limited, the scheme convinced some workers conditions were improving under the regime. Just like the initial economic recovery, its effect was superficial support limited, as the regimes values failed to penetrate working class psyche. Ultimately, this failure to instill ideology placed too great a burden on economic policy, which could not be maintained given the priority of preparing for war.The fulcrum of Hitlers social policies for workers was the creation of jobs and wage increases to reflect recovery of the national economy and pride. There was recognition of the range of concerns amongst German workers with the propaganda effort stressing the relative merits of different sectors on top of the incessant emphasis on the importance of workers more generally. In particular, Hitler had built up the peasantry2 making them central to the Peoples Community, but insistence upon job creation schemes and economic stability was arguably more influential. Mason argued that many workers were convinced by the Nazi economic miracle and that this was perhaps an inevitable product of the uncertainty of the recent depths of the Depression3. We may suspect exaggeration of the economic factor from a Marxist historian, but he is correct to stress the strong position the regime had. The economic uncertainty allowed Hitler to be portrayed as a savior, but this connection arguably made his support fragile as economic progress was not guaranteed. However, a temporary fulfillment of key economic promises increased working class support and ensured enormous personal gains mainly perhaps among workers4 for Hitler in the early years where security was established. This recognition reveals tha t the early years enhanced the Fuhrers aura as a man of action in whom workers could trust.However nominal hourly wages in 1933 were 97 per cent of19325 and in this regard the miracle was not realized in tangible economic terms. Therefore as early as 1935 SOPADE reported economic uncertainty placed great strain on the mental strength.6 The SOPADE reports naturally contained a sentiment opposed to the regime as an extension of their political endeavors. Operating within industrial centres, they witnessed genuinely negative sentiment, which they frequently exaggerated. Kershaw recognized a playing down of genuine approval7, which must be considered when evaluating workers support. The disenfranchisement of SOPADE was seen in the description of an initially positive working class response to the socio-economic policy as a mystery8. This showed security and stability could overcome reservations over the regime. While support fluctuated across different industries the enduring trend was insistence upon the centrality of economics. Kershaw argued discontent rooted in socio-economic experience [was] remarkable9, highlighting wage increases as priority. Housden assessed factors which ensured workers compliance: propaganda incentives, food and Gestapo surveillance10. However, relatively little insight is provided without evaluating their relative importance which varied widely by time and location. He shows economic stability was not alone in attracting workers support, but initially it was decisive.Any possibility of cohesive working class resistance effectively ended with the 1934 abolition of trade unions and centralization of power through the DAF. This policy revealed urgency of decisively minimizing workers resistance. Having promised to, build upworkers rights11 this removal of political expression was not immediately contradictory given propaganda which aligned it with Volksgemeinschaft. Portrayed as a key step toward ending class conflict, the restructuring in fact represented a major victory for the employers, whose heightened responsibility reflected Hitlers insistence on efficiency for rearmament and a willingness to act at the expense of the employee12 in pursuit of grander targets. In this sense, the Law could be viewed as necessary in preventing cohesive opposition. In spite of an ideological insistence which convinced wealthier workers, a high proportion of industrial workers remained firmly, but impotently opposed.Mason, whose insistence on class struggle demands caution, argued the law inevitably produced a legacy of deep bitterness13; which is a valid historical judgment in this instance, combining the emotional impact of this act with pre-existing oppositional sentiment. The disposition of older industrial workers could not be overturned by the propaganda of Ley, Germany has sung the praises of the working man14 which appeared hypocritical given the removal of rights. The reputation of the DAF was damaged by institutionalize d corruption which heightened animosity amongst those workers forced to sustain it15. Evans insistence on compulsion explains enduring hostility. Whilst the DAF could efficiently distribute ideological doctrine, its foundations established resentment amongst industrial workers which accentuated their existing commitment to class struggle. Removal of trade unions was unpopular but cruelly ended the possibility for legal objection and so served its function for the regime.Social policies like KdF were signaled as examples of increased opportunities for the working classes and this was intended to increase support for a regime. Hitler proclaimed publicly, I wish that the worker be granted a sufficient holiday16 and although this has the obvious propagandist intention of highlighting improving workers conditions: arguably, Hitler truly believed he could break class barriers and thereby legitimize his dictatorship. This assessment portrays Hitler manipulating the utopian sentiment to pro tect his own reputation: the contemporary view of KdF as a clever appeal to unpolitical workers 17 reinforces this notion.It had been stated it would insert an ideological content into every kind of leisure18, but to workers with no concept of class struggle, the opportunity of middle class leisure activities alone was enough to convince of a concerted effort to improve conditions and this SOPADE account reflects resignation to attraction of superficial policies for less ideologically opposed workers. SOPADE reports are fascinating due to the variety of opinion which was obtained by their national investigations. One report claimed workers felt sand [was] being thrown in their eyes19. This could imply KdF was largely unpopular, or that while its propagandist intentions were too apparent, its benefits and emphasis on workers livelihood encouraged greater sympathy with the regime. Ultimately these reports reflect despair that by 1939 social policy had increased workers support: overpo wering negative reaction to reduced freedoms.Popularity seems validated by participating numbers: almost 7million short trips in 193820, but ideological infiltration is inherently unquantifiable. Enjoyment of holidays provided only a temporary morale boost and could not affect significant changes in political disposition, in the long term. On top of this generality, the older industrial workers were too deeply imbued with Marxist ideas of class conflict to yield directly to its appeal21, which confirms Evans judgment that superficial social policy would inevitably fail in its wider propaganda function. This imbalance in political sentiment actually led KdF to accentuate class differences amongst workers and the nation as a whole. SOPADE observed middle classes chosing trips with a more select clientele22, which clarifies existing prejudices and the lack of integration which arguably represented failure. Hitler defied these reports in 1939, arguing, We have broken down classes23, but the obvious need to prepare a nation for war implies this goes beyond mere wishful thinking.Although Kershaw argued that such social propaganda, made little dent in traditional class loyalties24; the correspondence of Christina Bielenberg who sensed, social divisions are melting25, illustrates that even opponents of the regime observed progress. Whereas SOPADE arguably manipulated workers sentiment, this personal perception contains no obvious bias and remains relevant in spite of its limitation. No single observation could illustrate the true situation but Kershaw arguably marginalizes the range of support to insist disproportionately upon class solidarity. Nonetheless it is now clear that the lasting impact of social policy was to accentuate class differences. This was apparent throughout KdF and even through the charitable Winterhilfe scheme which showed a commitment to easing poverty. Donations were obtained through social obligation and this placed unfair pressure on poorer wo rking classes who were equally compelled.Failure of social policys propaganda was arguably produced by cynicism that they distracted from limited economic progress. Its compensatory function was not realized only by SOPADE, as there was also recognition within the DAF that holidays, could not fill hungry mouths26, with the implication that funds could have been used more responsibly. Evans uses statistics and written accounts to validate the contemporary judgment amongst working class that social policies substituted wage increases. Nazis attempted insisted upon a consideration of [the] position the workers 27 in a piece of propaganda reasserting the National Community, which failed to convince workers. What workers were convinced by, temporarily and superficially, was the opportunity to escape everyday life and although this effect extended even to the most resistant workers, it did not represent ideological submission.The influence of war preparations had a multi-faceted impact up on attempts to create the National Community. Evans argued effectiveness of social measures was limited because they were ruthlessly subordinated28 to rearmament. The relationship is more complicated however as the war provided jobs for the working class and boosted the reputation of Hitler through successes like the annexing of Austria. Although weapons production ensured new jobs, they were only temporary: and meanwhile other industries suffered. So, while some benefited short term, the perceived importance of war encouraged the regime to delay reforms reliant on lebensraum. This necessary delaying also encouraged the temporary, compensatory policies like KdF which had limited impact.Bartov noted the Workers resistance has been signalled as a demonstration of the regimes failure,29 but subliminally criticizes historians like Mason, who arguably attributed too much significance to rising absenteeism. Masons Marxist background presents itself in an insistence upon class struggle, bu t his judgment of, a massive, but not a fundamental, principled challenge to the regime30, is suitably balanced and accurate. Mason justifies his argument by detailing the extent of the resistance through statistical evidence and his assessment is strengthened by Housdens argument, worker unrest never became really unmanageable for the regime31.Importantly, The Gestapos influence and the willingness to use violence arguably meant disorganized opposition could never have presented a significant problem. SOPADE reported, The number of those who consciously criticize is very small32 which reinforces the levels of fear which produced passive compliance despite ideological resistance. The emergence of widespread resistance in the late 1930s reflected the inability of social policies to undermine the class struggle, but also illustrated the regimes ability to prevent significant resistance.The workers resistance was in itself unremarkable; representing inevitable resurfacing of barely-hid den Communist allegiances amongst industrial workers. Residual oppositional sentiment could not be shaken by social policies frequently dismissed as non-too-subtle propaganda. KdF appealed to a certain sentiment and encouraged increased support, but the superficiality and often negative economic impact failed to satisfy the poorest workers. Propaganda thus represented a blunt tool to attract wider support, and as a result the regime generally had to rely on tangible economic improvement and the instruments of repression to provide the required stability for the war effort. Overall, measures to attract support were marginally successful, but this arguably meant little in any case given the instruments of oppression at the regimes disposal.

Meaning of Instrumental Variables (IV) in Econometrics

Meaning of Instrumental Variables (IV) in Econometrics In the fields of statistics and econometrics, the term instrumental variables  can refer to either of two definitions. Instrumental variables can refer to: An estimation technique (often abbreviated as IV)The exogenous variables used in the IV estimation technique As a method of estimation, instrumental variables (IV) are used in many economic applications often when a controlled experiment to test the existence of a causal relationship is not feasible and  some correlation between the original explanatory variables and the error term is suspected. When the explanatory variables correlate or show some form of dependence with the error terms in a regression relationship, instrumental variables can provide a consistent estimation. The theory of instrumental variables was first introduced by Philip G. Wright in his 1928 publication titled  The Tariff on Animal and Vegetable Oils but has since evolved in its applications in economics. When Instrumental Variables Are Used There are several circumstances under which explanatory variables show a correlation with the error terms and an instrumental variable may be used. First, the dependent variables may actually cause one of the explanatory variables (also known as the covariates). Or, relevant explanatory variables are simply omitted or overlooked in the model. It may even be that the explanatory variables suffered some error of measurement. The problem with any of these situations is that the traditional linear regression that might normally be employed in the analysis may produce inconsistent or biased estimates, which is where instrumental variables (IV) would then be used and the second definition of instrumental variables becomes more important. In addition to being the name of the method, instrumental variables are also the very variables used to obtain consistent  estimates using this method. They are exogenous, meaning that they exist outside of the explanatory equation, but as instrumental variables, they are correlated with the equations endogenous variables. Beyond this definition, there is one other primary requirement for using an instrumental variable in a linear model: the instrumental variable must not be correlated with the error term of the explanatory equation. That is to say that the instrumental variable cannot pose the same issue as the original variable for which it is attempting to resolve. Instrumental Variables in Econometrics Terms For a deeper understanding of instrumental variables, lets review an example.  Suppose one has a model: y Xb e Here y is a T x 1 vector of dependent variables, X is a T x k matrix of independent variables, b is a k x 1 vector of parameters to estimate, and e is a k x 1 vector of errors. OLS can be imagined, but suppose in the environment being modeled that the matrix of independent variables X may be correlated to the es. Then using a T x k matrix of independent variables Z, correlated to the Xs but uncorrelated to the es one can construct an IV estimator that will be consistent: bIV (ZX)-1Zy The two-stage least squares estimator is an important extension of this idea. In that discussion above, the exogenous variables Z are called instrumental variables and the instruments (ZZ)-1(ZX) are estimates of the part of X that is not correlated to the es.

A Failure to Hide One’s True Motives in The Lame Shall Enter First

A Failure to Hide One’s True Motives in The Lame Shall Enter First In the short story The Lame Shall Enter First, author Flannery OConnor describes a widowers attempts to mask his grief over his wifes death. In order to fill the void in his heart, the widower, Sheppard, throws himself into miscellaneous charitable endeavors. He shows this philanthropy most notably in his treatment of a young delinquent named Rufus Johnson, whom he takes in and cares for as his own son. Through his treatment of Rufus, Sheppard also tries to teach his son Norton-whom he judges as extremely selfish-about sharing. What Sheppard fails to realize, however, is that he is actually just as selfish as he judges his son to be-they are using the same coping mechanisms to try to deal with their loss. Consequently, his generosity and kindness will not profit anyone; in fact, it will actually cause harm. OConnor uses devastating irony-manifested through parallel descriptions of the characters and various interactions between them-to convey the idea that artificial philanthropy wil l accomplish nothing. O Connor uses parallel descriptions of Sheppard and Norton in order to expose the same character flaws in Sheppard that he scorns in his son. Throughout the story, she describes them in such similar ways that their shared traits become obvious. Nortons apparent self-centeredness is revealed at the very beginning, when he gorges himself until he vomits (Walters 103). Sheppard then looks upon him with disdain, thinking, his own child, selfish, unresponsive, greedy, had so much [food] that he threw it up (OConnor 374). Although Sheppard is criticizing his son for being selfish, he later realizes that he had stuffed his own emptiness with good works like a glutton (403) and had thus behaved no better than his son had in attempting to cope with his wifes death. Though this shared reaction to their loss is their most obvious similarity, Sheppard and Norton also have other parallel characteristics. Sheppard criticizes Nortons lack of intelligence near the beginning of the story when he lam ents, Norton was average or below and had had every advantage (374). When Rufus (whose intelligence Sheppard revered, in stark contrast to his own sons lack thereof) joins the household, however, Sheppard finds that the tables have been turned and he is now the one being criticized for his stupidity. Rufus insults Sheppards intelligence several times and in fact compares him unfavorably to Norton when he says, He [Sheppard] dont know his left hand from his right, he dont have as much sense as his crazy kid! (402). He later verbally attacks Sheppard to his face when he tells him, You aint any smarter than that cop (396). Through these descriptions, OConnor paints similar pictures of father and son-making Sheppards criticisms seem even more ironic and his character less credible. In addition to juxtaposing the characters of Norton and Sheppard, OConnor further reveals Sheppards flaws and inconsistencies through various interactions with Rufus. From his first meeting with the boy, it is obvious that Sheppard seems to take pleasure in analyzing Rufuss motives and behavior, failing to realize how it mirrors his own. For example, Sheppard, of course, seizes upon the foot as the unquestionable source of Rufuss delinquency, interpreting his criminal behavior as simple compensation for his physical defect (Walters 103). What Sheppard does not immediately see, however, is that he is also trying to compensate for his own defect-his overly philanthropic gestures are an attempt at filling the hole in his heart left by his wifes death. It is not until much later that he realizes he has been stuffing his emptiness with good works (OConnor 403) in order to find fulfillment. Sheppard is also the object of Rufuss discrepancy between the Christlike image Sheppard tries to co nvey and his actual selfish motives, and he openly accuses Sheppard of confusing himself with Christ (Walters 102). He first does this behind his back during a conversation with Norton, exclaiming, God, kid, how do you stand it? He thinks hes Jesus Christ! (383). In a subsequent conversation, while explaining to Norton the concept of heaven, Rufus mocks Sheppard outright when he says, Ill tell you all about it [heaven] tomorrow, kid, when Himself has cleared out (387). In fact he takes this even further, later calling Sheppard a lying stinking atheist (403)-a stark contrast to the Christlike character Sheppard attempts to show. In the midst of Rufuss criticism, Sheppard valiantly attempts to maintain his image as a genuine humanitarian by saying, If I can help a person, all I want is to do it. Im above and beyond simple pettiness (383). Rufus, however, does not believe anything Sheppard says, as he tells Norton: Yaketty yaketty yakand [Sheppard] never says a thing. Gas. Gas (279). T hrough these and other insightful, yet derogatory comments, Rufus reveals Sheppards selfish, hypocritical character. As Rufus helps to point out, Sheppard is so entrenched in his grief-induced selfish ambitions that he completely loses sight of his son Nortons struggles and makes himself a hypocrite; however, with Rufuss further assistance he is able to begin the process of self-discovery that eventually leads to his revelation. Sheppard is arguing with Rufus when he begins to see the first glimpses of his true self-and he is understandably taken aback. He thinks, The boys eyes were like distorting mirrors in which he saw himself made hideous and grotesque (397) and a moral leper (398). His violent epiphany comes shortly after this moment of clarity. He realizes that he had done more for [Rufus] Johnson than he had done for his own child (403) and that in so doing he had failed to help Norton through his grief like a loving father would. He also realizes how self-centered he had been-even as he had lectured Norton about being selfless, he had ignored his own child to feed his vision of himself (40 3). The hypocrisy in his actions is readily apparent-although he was preaching generosity and compassion, he was in reality practicing selfishness and thoughtlessness. This is in itself ironic, and OConnor takes advantage of this throughout the story. In fact, she uses mankinds innate selfishness as the source of nearly all her irony (Malin 36), and nowhere is this more apparent than in Sheppards situation. OConnors final, most heart-wrenching use of irony occurs when Sheppard at last realizes his grave mistake through a violent revelation and is overcome with love for Norton-only to learn that his epiphany has come too late and all his apparent benevolence has failed him. He is shocked and horrified when he recognizes how he has neglected his child in the name of charity, and he promises, He would make everything up to him, He would never let him suffer again. He would be a mother and a father (404). Sheppard immediately rushes to Nortons room to begin making amends for his past behaviors-only to discover that the child hung in the jungle of shadows, just below the beam from which he had launched his flight into space (404). Sheppards neglected child had killed himself in an attempt to be reunited with his mother in heaven. Sheppard is absolutely devastated, because he knows that Nortons extreme action is evidence of his acute longing for love (Walters 103). Sheppard grieves because h e had deprived Norton of the love he so desperately needed-and when he is ready to give that love, it is too late. It is also cruelly ironic that he had previously thought, in his efforts to reform the intractable Rufus, he had fatally neglected his own son (103). The most frustrating irony of all, however, is that of the timing of Sheppards revelation-had he recognized the error of his ways only minutes earlier, he could have saved his sons life. At this point he fully realizes that all his philanthropy has gained him nothing-in fact, it has caused him to lose everything. This painful irony makes The Lame Shall Enter First an unforgettable tale of hypocrisy, frustration, and ultimately tragedy. Bibliography Frieling, Kenneth. Flannery OConnors Vision: The Violence of Revelation. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1974. Malin, Irvin. Flannery OConnor. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 13. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1980. OConnor, Flannery. 3 by Flannery OConnor. New York: New American Library, 1983. pp. 371-404. Walters, Dorothy. Flannery OConnor. Boston: Twayne, 1973.

Research Methods and Perspectives ( International Relations ) Coursework

Research Methods and Perspectives ( International Relations ) - Coursework Example hers frame their studies on a particular subject like international relations, and thus form an appropriate problem statement and find solutions as part of the research work. The studies of these authors have stressed on the involvement of scientific aspects introduced in the understanding of social sciences in relation to the arguments associated with international relations (Dunne, Kurki & Smith, 2007, p.15). A business research deals with the research studies being associated with the world of business and management in reality. The theories of social sciences are also related to the business research methodologies to a large extent. The methods developed in the research studies reflect the relation that social scientists make use of such methods in deriving the relationships between the realities of the social aspects and the manner in which they might be realized. The role of the researcher is highly significant in this context. Some of the theories being used include the grand theories or middle-range theories where at times the theories might provide with limited research opportunities, in other cases being more elaborate and informative. The relevance of data is essential when hypothesis are formulated for researches. The relations between the theory and research can be derived by the deductive theory and the implications are obtained through the induction theory. The positivism th eory if research encompasses both the deductive and inductive aspects of research. In contrast to this is the interpretivism theory. Other theories include the realism, objectivism and other relative measures (Bryman & Bell, 2007, pp. 4-23). The research process of political science has a major significance in the understanding of international relations that has been reflected through the studies of McNabb. He focused on the different purposes based on which a research study is conducted including the exploration, description and explanation of the concerned topic. The study of

BPMN advantages, disadvantages within system integration Essay

BPMN advantages, disadvantages within system integration - Essay Example Business Process Modeling Notation offers a common universal language thereby reducing the communication barriers that existed in designing the business process models. Business Process Modeling Notation also helps in bridging the gaps that existed in communication which affected the process of business modeling from the designing stage to the implementation stage.Since Business Process Modeling Notation uses the technique of flowcharting, the method has made information relaying simpler. This is because use of images assists users and designers in summarizing information. A single flowchart can be used to reflect many situations that would have required a lot of words in explaining and representing.Another significant advantage of using Business Process Modeling Notation is the fact that it is a simple model. The model embraces simplicity by converting information and representing it in a simple flowchart. This gives it an upper hand in the market since every business is after a sim ple model that will serve its purposes and at the same time it is easily applicable in every business environment provided that the firm maintains proper records and comprehensive data on its operations.Business Process Modeling Notation is an important model especially in firms that has adopted process automation. In the modern world, more and more companies have adopted a system that supports high levels of information technology since this makes operations in the company much smoother.

Charles Darwin, Social Darwinism, and Imperialism Essay -- Social Darwi

England went through dramatic changes in the 19th century. English culture, socio-economic structure and politics where largely influenced by the principles of science. Many social expressions occurred due to these changes. Transformations which categorized this time period could be observed in social institutions; for instance: the switch from popular Evangelicalism to atheism, emergence of feminism and the creation of new political ideologies (Liberalism, Conservatism and Radicalism). These are just a few of the changes that took place. All of this social alteration can be attributed to the importance of science. The English people began to trust more in empiricism and logical thought than in faith and glory of the empire . One who contributed greatly to this transformation was Charles Darwin. In his two most famous works, The Origin of Species and The Decent of Man, Darwin introduces the concept of "the survival of the fittest" and "natural selection". The Darwinian ideas introduced into English society justified a great number of political policies and social movements. England at the turn of the century was still a largest power in the international system. The English perceived, through the justification of Darwinism, they were fit to be the imperial hegemon in the world. The issue this essay will deal with is Imperialism and how Darwinism justified its practice. Darwin argued in his work, The Decent of Man, "When civilised...

Personal Change Project Conditioning Health And Social Care Essay

I would wish to plan a self-modification program which is to advance a wont desirable to myself. I will implement Operant Conditioning and other rules of conditioning in this Personal Change Project.Walking the Dog Frequently and Regularly for a Longer period of TimeThe mark behavior I would wish to hike is walking the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss daily on the seashore near my house. The end of the present program was to prolong a good wellness since jogging is involved during the walk with the Canis familiaris. For case, ramble oning conditions the cardiovascular system, cut downing the opportunity of acquiring bosom disease. It besides helps in beef uping musculus and cut downing extra fat by firing Calories. In add-on, it can advance the relationship with the Canis familiaris as its proprietor. At the same clip, in order to take up the duty as a portion of the household members, walking the Canis familiaris on a regular basis is indispensable. Last, relaxation can be achieved by walking Canis familiaris along the seashore as the aesthetic position and nature of it can assist alleviating emphasis and sadness. A baseline appraisal was carried out predating the self-modification program. In the self-modification program, each clip the client walked the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss was counted as walking the Canis familiaris for one clip. No bound was placed on the clip she walked the dog each twenty-four hours.Baseline AssessmentIn the baseline appraisal of the mark behaviour before transporting out the self-modification program, the frequence and continuance of walking the Canis familiaris by the client was measured utilizing a timer. It lasted for 14 yearss from 5th September to 18th September. ( Table 1 ) The frequence which the client walked her Canis familiaris was 7 times in two hebdomads and the entire clip spent to walk the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 183 proceedingss and the mean clip spent on walking the Can is familiaris was 26 proceedingss in two hebdomads. Therefore, the existent continuance of clip for walking the Canis familiaris before the self-modification program was much less than the mark continuance of clip set in program ( 45 proceedingss ) . This was because the mark behaviour was normally hindered by different ancestors and effects ( to be mentioned in the following session ) Walking The Dog Date Yes NO 5th September 15 proceedingss 6th SeptemberTen7th September 28 proceedingss 8th SeptemberTen9th September 35 proceedingss tenth SeptemberTen11th September 25 proceedingss 12th SeptemberTen13th SeptemberTen14th September 40 proceedingss 15th SeptemberTen16th September 30 proceedingss 17th SeptemberTen18th September 10 proceedingss Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 183 proceedingss Average clip of walking the Canis familiaris 183 / 7 = 26 proceedingss Table 1 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 5th Sept. to 18th Sept.Ancestors and ConsequencesHarmonizing to Weiyen ( 2007, pp.250-254 ) , ancestors are the preceding fortunes. Consequences are the effects or consequences of something happening earlier.Ancestors which limit my mark behaviorBefore implementing this self-modification program, there were ever several ancestors which restricts me from walking the Canis familiaris. First of wholly, it was non possible for me to walk the Canis familiaris during showery yearss as the Canis familiaris will acquire soiled and wet. In add-on, I normally felt so tired after school or work that I did non hold the energy to walk my Canis familiaris.Ancestors which reinforce my mark behaviorIt is ever free to walk my Canis familiaris along the seashore near my place as no transit cost is needed. In add-on, it merely takes me 5 proceedingss to entree the seashore, therefore it is really convenient to walk my pet.Consequences which limit my mark behaviorExerting my Canis familiaris normally makes me even more tired after school or work so this greatly influences my advancement of analyzing, and therefore impacting my public presentation on trials. Therefore, the fatigue from walking my Canis familiaris restricts me from making so.Consequences which reinforce my mark behaviorWalking my Canis familiaris can assist ease my bodily fittingness and keeping wellness. This is because I jog while walking my Canis familiaris and it helps to better my cardiovascular and respiratory system. Heart musculuss are strengthened and become more efficient during jogging. Besides, deeper breathe can be achieved to provide more O and foods to our musculuss, enabling us to be more energetic engaging in activities we enjoy. Besides, it is of import to keep a good relationship with my household and Canis familiaris via taking up my duty as a household member walking my Canis familiaris as wrangles sometimes arise due to this is sue. Furthermore, walking my Canis familiaris can assist cut downing emphasis and sadness from the heartache of interrupting up and analyzing.Behavioral Principles and SchemesOperant Conditioning was used as the major rule to increase the mark behaviour. It is a signifier of acquisition in which a response becomes more likely to happen in a peculiar stimulation state of affairs as a consequence of its effects. In this Conditioning, assorted types of supports and penalties were applied. Support occurs when an event following a response increases an being & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s inclination to do that response. Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the inclination to do that response. Positive support was involved in the program. This is a response is strengthened as it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulation. Therefore, a positive reinforcing stimulus was set that I could bask a tasty barbeque dinner with my close friends every 10 times I walked my Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss. This was a rewarding stimulation for me as I love barbeque and I cherish the clip garnering with close friends. It was a secondary reinforcing stimulus as it acquired reenforcing belongingss through repeated association with primary reinforcing stimulus. Negative Reinforcement was besides applied. It occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the remotion of an unpleasant stimulation. I late broke up with my fellow and it was a heart-breaking experience. Then I found that walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore and basking the aesthetic position of the nature can assist to alleviate the heartache. Therefore, I walk the Canis familiaris along the seashore more frequently. Therefore, the difficult feeling after interrupting up was the unpleasant stimulation and it was thought that walking Canis familiaris along the seashore can take this aversive stimulation, therefore walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ( response ) is strengthened. Negative Punishment was used, which was to diminish the unwanted behavior by taking something pleasant. For every individual clip the client could non successfully walk her Canis familiaris for 45 proceedingss in a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up my laptop for two yearss. Therefore, she needed to utilize the public computing machines in the library for a twosome of yearss if she did non walk the Canis familiaris and this one time brought her a immense incommodiousness. Hence, the usage of laptop at place is regarded as the pleasant event and the reluctance to walk the Canis familiaris is the unwanted behaviour.The EventualitiesAs for the Positive Reinforcement, a Fixed-ratio agenda of support was besides applied as the client could bask barbeque with friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris. Therefore, the definition of fixed-ratio agenda is the positive reinforcing stimulus ( barbeque with friends ) is given after a fixed figure ( 10 times ) of non-reinf orced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris ) . In the Negative Reinforcement, Variable-schedule of support was used. The reinforcing stimulus ( the gradual alleviation of hurting after interrupting up ) was given after a variable figure of non-reinforced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ) . After the client walked the Canis familiaris along the seashore for a few times, she found that the heartache reduced a small spot and this was a reinforcing stimulus. Then this reinforcing stimulus strengthened the response inclination for walking the Canis familiaris as she believed this can alleviate hurting after interrupting up with fellow. As for the Negative Punishment, every clip the client did non walk her Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up her laptop for two yearss. Inconvenience was brought to the client if she could non carry through the mark behaviour, as she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss ( usage of laptop is a pleasant stimulation ) , alternatively she could merely utilize the public computing machine outside.Consequence of the AssessmentThe self-modification program was set to complete in two hebdomads from 19th September to 2nd October after the baseline appraisal. ( Table 2 ) It can be seen that the response inclination of walking the Canis familiaris greatly strengthened after the program was implemented. The frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was 20 times which was about 3 times more than that of the baseline appraisal ( 7 times ) . The entire continuance of walking the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 1039 proce edingss, while the mean clip spent on walking the Canis familiaris was 52 proceedingss each clip, which is a dual compared to the consequence obtained in the baseline appraisal. Therefore, she was rewarded twice by holding barbeque dinners with her friends in these two hebdomads, as she achieved walking her Canis familiaris 20 times. Although the client failed to carry through the mark behaviour for one clip in these two hebdomads, it was due to the heavy work load from alterations and assignments. She was so experient negative penalty which she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss as her female parent locked it up. Walking the Canis familiaris Date Yes NO First Time on the day/ minute Second Time on the day/ minute 19th September 50 45 twentieth September 45 45 21st September 48 22nd September 55 48 23rd September 70 50 24th September 85 25th September 50 26th September Ten 27th September 45 50 28th September 50 50 29th September 45 47 thirtieth September 55 1st October 60 2nd October 46 Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 1039 Average Time of walking the Canis familiaris each clip 1039 / 20 =52 Table 2 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 19th September to 2nd OctoberThe Strength, Weakness and Effectiveness of the Modification PlanThe self-modification program was seemingly effectual, which could be proved by the big difference in consequences shown in table 1 and table 2. The behaviour of the client was successfully modified to walk the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours. This was proved by the twofold continuance of walking the Canis familiaris each clip on norm ( 26 proceedingss in baseline appraisal and 52 proceedingss in the self-modification program ) and the frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was about tripled ( 7 times in baseline appraisal and 20 times in the self-modification program ) . This was chiefly due to the strengths of the program. Positive support was used in the program, in which the client was rewarded a barbeque dinner with her friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris However,

Book Critique of The Longest Day Essays - 883 Words

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